Asian Papaya Fruit Fly
Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae)

• Native to and widespread in southeast Asia (Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, East Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Kalimatan). It invaded Papua New Guinea from Asia through Irian Jaya in 1992. For a long time, it had been only trapped in the Western and West Sepik Provinces, but was later detected in Port Moresby (May 1998), Morobe Province (September 1998), and the Highlands (Eastern Highlands, Simbu, Western Highlands) (November 1998). It is present in most provinces of Mainland PNG, but not yet in the Island Provinces. It was detected in Cairns (Northern Queensland, Australia) in October 1995. It has been eradicated from Queensland by implementing an eradication programme using male annihilation and protein bait spraying, that cost AUD 35 million.
• A polyphagous species and major pest recorded in Asia from 193 host species, in 114 genera and 50 families (Allwood et al, 1999). It was bred from 35 host species in Australia (Hancock et al, 2000) and caused considerable damage to fruits and coffee berries. There are presently not enough data available to establish a comprehensive host list for Papua New Guinea, but it has been occasionally bred from carambola, cashew, papaya, pomelo, mango and guava. No infestations of coffee berries have been observed or reported so far in PNG, even though B. papayae is commonly trapped in the Highlands.

• Allwood, A.J., Chinajariyawong, A., Drew, R.A.I., Hamacek, E.L., Hancock, D.L., Hengsawad, C., Jinapin, J.C., Jirasurat, M., Kong Krong, C., Kritsaneepaiboon, S., Leong, C.T.S., and S. Vijaysegaran. 1999. Host plant records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South-East Asia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 7. 92 pp. (Complete host list in Asia).
• Dori, F.M., Tenakanai, D. and K. Kurika. 1993. The Current Status of Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) in Papua New Guinea. Harvest. 15(2): 22-25.
• Drew, R.A.I. 1989. The Tropical Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 26: 1-521.
• Fay, H.A., Drew, R.A.I., Lloyd, A.C. 1997. The eradication program for papaya fruit fly (Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock) in North Queensland. pp. 259-261 in: Allwood, A.J., and Drew, R.A.I. 1997. Management of fruit flies in the Pacific. ACIAR Proceedings No 76. 267pp.
• Hancock, D.L., Hamacek, E., Lloyd, A.C., Elson-Harris, M.M. 2000. The distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Information Series QI99067. 75 pp.
• Leblanc, L., Balagawi, S., Mararuai, A., Putulan, D., Tenakanai, D. and A.R. Clarke. 2001. Fruit Flies in Papua New Guinea. SPC Pest Advisory Leaflet No 37. 12pp.
• Tenakanai, D. 1997. Fruit Fly Fauna in Papua New Guinea. pp. 87-94 in: Allwood, A.J. and R.A.I. Drew. Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific. ACIAR Proceedings No 76. 267p.
• White, I.M. and Elson-Harris, M.M 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. CAB International in Association with ACIAR. Redwood Press Ltd., Melksham.xii + 601
• White, I.M. and Hancock, D.L. 1997. Indo-Australasian Dacini Fruit Flies (Computera Aided Biological Identification Key) International Institute of Entomology; London. CD-ROM.
• Aluja, A and Norrbom, A.L. 200. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press 944 pp.
• Robinson, A.S. and Hooper, G. (eds.) 1989 Fruit Flies THeir Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests 3A.Elsevier. xiii. + 372 pp.
• Robinson, A.S. and Hooper, G. (eds.) 1989 Fruit Flies THeir Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests 3B.Elsevier. xv. + 447 pp.
• Hancock et al. 2000. The Distribution and Host Plants of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. DPI Queensland Brisbane
• Thompson C.F. (ed.) Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. North American Dipterist Society - Backhuys, Leyden. 524 pp.

Copyright Disclaimer Participants